Valores de referencia y factores de riesgo de la condición física en personas mayores chilenas físicamente activas / Reference values and risk factors in the deterioration of the physical fitness of physically active older chilean adults

BACKGROUND: Physical fitness assessment of older adults is essential because it is a key component of functional independence and healthy aging. AIM: To establish physical fitness reference values for physically active older Chilean adults of both sexes and identify the variables associated with the deterioration of their physical condition. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study that included 342 older adults aged 60 and over. Their physical fitness was assessed with the Senior Fitness Test (SFT). The timed up and go (TUG), chair stand (CS), arm curl (AC), and aerobic resistance (2 min) tests were evaluated. RESULTS: Performance in the physical fitness tests by age group decreased in all tests as older adults advanced in age. Scores for men were more evenly distributed across the different age groups. The main risk factors for the deterioration of physical fitness were age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) (p-value < 0.05). The primary risk factor for men was age and for women age and BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Performance of both men and women in the different SFT tests decreased as older adults aged. Age, sex, and BMI were the main risk factors for the deterioration of the physical fitness of physically active older adults.

Intervalos de referencia en pediatría. Una guía de sus formas de cálculo ordenadas según su fortaleza metodológica / Pediatrics reference intervals. A guide of its calculation forms ordered according to their methodological strength

Resumen El objetivo de esta comunicación es proponer una guía de las formas decálculo de los intervalos de referencia (IR) en la población pediátrica ordenándolassegún su fortaleza metodológica. En primer lugar, el proceso recomendadopara definir un IR es el enfoque "directo", en el que se evalúanmuestras de sujetos considerados sanos. En segundo lugar, la convocatoria"indirecta", en la que a los resultados de las muestras de una base dedatos, se aplican criterios de exclusión y procesamientos estadísticos (métodosde Hoffmann y de Bhattacharya). Estos IR presentan poca diferenciacon los obtenidos por datos directos y se pueden considerar equivalentes,con la ventaja de su facilidad y sus costos más bajos. En tercer lugar, estánlos IR obtenidos de la bibliografía. La validación de los datos informadospor el fabricante es la última opción a tener en cuenta. Se reafirma laimportancia de contar con IR adecuados por sus aspectos clínicos y por laseguridad de los pacientes.

Abstract The aim of this communication is to propose a guide on the ways of calculating reference intervals (RI) in the pediatric population, ordering them according to their methodological strength. First, the recommended process to define an RI is the "direct" approach, in which samples of subjects considered healthy are evaluated. Secondly, the "indirect" approach, in which exclusion criteria and statistical processing are applied to the results ofthe samples in a database (Hoffmann and Bhattacharya methods). These RIs show little differences with those obtained by direct data and they can be considered equivalent, with the advantage of their ease and with lower costs. Thirdly, there are RIs that can be obtained from the bibliography. The validation of the data reported by the manufacturer is the last option to consider. The importance of having adequate RIs for their clinical aspects and for the safety of patients is reaffirmed.

Resumo O objetivo desta comunicação é propor um guia sobre as formas de cálculo dos intervalos de referência (IR) na população pediátrica, ordenando os mesmos de acordo com sua fortaleza metodológica. Emprimeiro lugar, o processo recomendado para definir um IR é a abordagem "direta", na qual sãoavaliadas amostras de indivíduos considerados saudáveis. Em segundo lugar, a abordagem "indireta",na qual critérios de exclusão e processamento estatístico (métodos de Hoffmann e Bhattacharya)são aplicados aos resultados das amostras em um banco de dados. Esses IR apresentam poucadiferença com os obtidos por dados diretos, podendo ser considerados equivalentes, com a vantagem de apresentarem facilidade e menor custo. Em terceiro lugar, os IR obtidos da bibliografia. A validadedos dados informados pelo fabricante é a última opção a ser considerada. A importância de termos IRadequados pelos seus aspectos clínicos e pela segurança dos pacientes é reafirmada.

Valores de referencia del Senior Fitness Test en mujeres adultas mayores físicamente activas / Reference values of the Senior Fitness Test for physically active elderly women

Introducción: El proceso de envejecimiento en los adultos mayores puede conducir a la disminución de la condición física funcional. Por ello resulta importante su valoración para poder establecer programas de ejercicio físico que mejoren las capacidades físicas, así como la funcionalidad y calidad de vida en esta población. Objetivo: Establecer los valores de referencia de la condición física funcional en las mujeres físicamente activas pertenecientes a Centros Vida de la ciudad de Bucaramanga. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal en 113 mujeres mayores entre 60-85 años. Se evalúo la condición física funcional con el Senior Fitness Test y medidas antropométricas de talla y peso. Los valores de referencia están en percentiles y distribuidos por rangos de edad. Resultados: Según los valores de referencia del Senior Fitness Test, las mujeres de nuestro estudio se encuentran por encima en los valores de fuerza de miembros inferiores y superiores. En la prueba de resistencia cardiovascular y flexibilidad en miembros inferiores y superiores se encuentran por debajo. En los valores de la prueba de agilidad el tiempo de ejecución es mayor. Conclusiones: Se observa una disminución en las capacidades físicas funcionales conforme avanza la edad, sin embargo, la capacidad física que menos disminuye es la fuerza(AU)

Introduction: The aging process may lead to a reduction of functional physical condition in the elderly. Its analysis is therefore necessary to implement physical exercise programs aimed at improving physical capacities, functionality and quality of life in this population. Objective: Establish the reference values for functional physical condition in physically active women from Life Centers in the city of Bucaramanga. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted of 113 elderly women aged 60-85 years. Functional physical condition was evaluated with the Senior Fitness Test and anthropometric measurements of height and weight. Reference values are expressed in percentiles and distributed by age ranges. Results: The women in our study are above the reference values of the Senior Fitness Test in upper and lower limb force. Upper and lower limb cardiovascular resistance and flexibility are below SFT reference values. Values for the agility test show a longer performance time. Conclusions: A reduction is observed in functional physical capacities as people grow older. However, force is the physical capacity that diminishes the least(AU)

Comparing the postoperative refractive predictability of Pentacam HR and IOLMaster 500 after a multifocal intraocular lens implantation / Comparação da previsibilidade refrativa pós-operatória do Pentacam HR e IOLMaster 500 após implante de lentes intraoculares multifocais

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the postoperative refractive predictability of IOLMaster 500 and Pentacam HR on the basis of keratometry and anterior chamber depth values in eyes with an indication for multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted on 118 eyes treated with phacoemulsification and multifocal intraocular lens implantation. Only the eyes that achieved emmetropia in the dynamic refraction performed on postoperative day 30 were included. Haigis' formula was used in each case to calculate the intraocular lens power, and the intraocular lens with the target refraction closest to emmetropia was implanted. Four lens calculation scenarios were tested by combining keratometry and anterior chamber depth measurements obtained using the two devices. Results: IOLMaster 500 and Pentacam HR differed with regard to mean keratometry (D 0.07 ± 0.03 D; p=0.0065) and anterior chamber depth (D 0.08 ± 0.01 mm; p<0.001). In the analysis of covariance, the following differences were obtained using the Haigis' formula when confronted with the biometric values obtained by inserting keratometry and anterior chamber depth values, respectively: Penta/IOL x IOL/Penta (0.13 ± 0.03; p<0.0001); Penta/Penta × IOL/Penta (0.13 ± 0.03; p<0.0001); Penta/IOL × IOL/IOL (0.11 ± 0.03; p=0.001); Penta/Penta × IOL/IOL (0.11 ± 0.03; p=0.002); IOL/IOL × IOL/Penta (0.02 ± 0.03; p=0.865); and Penta/IOL × Penta/Penta (0.002 ± 0.03; p=0.99). The difference was smaller when measuring the anterior chamber depth using the IOLMaster 500, regardless of which device was used to measure keratometry. Conclusions: Pentacam HR significantly differed from IOLMaster 500 when calculating keratometry. As regards the anterior chamber depth, the two devices were equally accurate.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a previsibilidade refrativa pós-operatória do IOLMaster 500 e Pentacam HR com base nos valores de ceratometria e profundidade de câmara anterior nos olhos com indicação de implante de lentes intraoculares multifocais. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo realizado em 118 olhos tratados com facoemulsificação e implante de lentes intraoculares multifocal. Apenas os olhos que atingiram a emetropia na refração dinâmica no 30º dia pós-operatório foram incluídos. A fórmula de Haigis foi usada em cada caso para calcular o poder das lentes intraoculares, e a lente intraocular com a refração alvo mais próxima da emetropia foi implantada. Cenários de cálculo de quatro lentes foram testados pela combinação de medidas de ceratometria e profundidade de câmara anterior obtidas usando os dois dispositivos. Resultados: IOLMaster 500 e Pentacam HR diferiram quanto à média de ceratometria (D 0,07 ± 0,03 D; p=0,0065) e profundidade de câmara anterior (D 0,08 ± 0,01 mm; p<0,001). Na análise da covariância, as seguintes diferenças foram obtidas usando a fórmula de Haigis quando confrontadas com os valores biométricos obtidos pela inserção dos valores de ceratometria e profundidade de câmara anterior, respectivamente: Penta/IOL x IOL/Penta (0,13 ± 0,03; p<0,0001); Penta/Penta x IOL/Penta (0,13 ± 0,03; p<0,0001); Penta/IOL x IOL/IOL (0,11 ± 0,03; p=0,001); Penta/Penta x IOL/IOL (0,11 ± 0,03; p=0,002); IOL/IOL x IOL/Penta (0,02 ± 0,03; p=0,865); Penta/IOL x Penta/Penta (0,002 ± 0,03; p=0,99). A diferença foi menor ao medir a profundidade da câmara anterior usando o IOLMaster 500, independentemente de qual dispositivo foi usado para medir a ceratometria. Conclusões: O Pentacam HR diferiu significativamente do IOLMaster 500 no cálculo de ceratometria. Quanto à profundidade da câmara anterior, os dois dispositivos foram igualmente precisos.

Higher incidence of metabolic syndrome components in vitiligo patients: a prospective cross-sectional study

Abstract Background/Objectives: To investigate the association between vitiligo and metabolic syndrome. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted between 2014 and 2016. Study (n = 155) and control groups (n = 155) were evaluated for metabolic syndrome according to National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III and the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Study group was divided into three groups according to their vitiligo area severity index and vitiligo disease activity score values (Group 1: 6.89 for VASI score, Group A: −1-0, Group B: 1-2 and Group C: 3-4 for vitiligo disease activity score respectively). MetS rates according to both criteria were compared between the vitiligo disease activity score and vitiligo area severity index groups. Results: Metabolic syndrome rates were 37.4% and 40% in the study group and 19.4% and 26.5% in the control group according to National CholesterolEducation Program Adult Treatment Panel III and International Diabetes Federation criteria, respectively (p < 001 and p = 0.011). Metabolic syndrome was more frequent in vitiligo area severity index Groups 2 and 3 compared to vitiligo area severity index Group 1, and in vitiligo disease activity score Group C compared to vitiligo disease activity score Groups A and B. Study limitations: Single center experience, absence of more specific oxidative-stress markers and lack of long-term follow-up of the patients. Conclusions: Frequency of metabolic syndrome was higher in patients with non-segmental vitiligo and the rate was higher in active/severe form of the disease.

Analysis of cardiovascular risk and carotid intima-media thickness in patients with psoriasis

Abstract Background: Psoriasis is associated with atherosclerosis and increased cardiovascular risk. Currently, an automated ultrasound, called quantitative intima media thickness, has proven to be a useful method to evaluate subclinical atherosclerosis. Objectives: To compare increased cardiovascular risk in psoriasis patients receiving two types of treatments: Methotrexate and tumor necrosis factor inhibitor and to evaluate the correlation between the Framingham score and quantitative intima media thickness. Methods: Fifty patients with plaque psoriasis were selected from June 2017 to July 2018, divided into two groups, receiving methotrexate and tumor necrosis factor inhibitor. Measurement of abdominal circumference, blood pressure, body mass index and presence of metabolic syndrome were performed. Afterwards, the patients were evaluated for increased cardiovascular risk with the Framingham score and for the quantitative intima media thickness of the carotid arteries. Results: The mean age was 54.8 (±12.5) with a slight male predominance (58%). Overall, 84% of the patients had elevated waist circumference, 82% had a body mass index above ideal, and 50% had a metabolic syndrome. For the correlation between quantitative intima media thickness and Framingham Score, Pearson's linear correlation coefficient was 0.617 (p < 0.001), indicating a moderate to strong positive association. Study limitations: The protective effect of the therapies cited in relation to the increased cardiovascular risk was not evaluated. Conclusions: A moderate to strong positive association was found correlating the Framingham Score values with the quantitative intima media thickness measurement and it is not possible to state which drug has the highest increased cardiovascular risk.

Seroprevalence of chikungunya virus infection in five hospitals within Anyigba, Kogi State of Nigeria

ABSTRACT Febrile illnesses in developing countries are often misdiagnosed as malaria or typhoid fever. Although arboviral infections have similar clinical symptoms, they are usually not screened because of limited resources and the fact that there are several viruses in this group. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has been isolated in parts of Nigeria, but there is no documented evidence of the infection in Kogi State. This study determined seroprevalence of active and past CHIKV infection among febrile patients who tested negative for malaria and typhoid fever. Sera from 243 febrile patients were screened for CHIKV IgG and IgM using an immunochromatographic test kit. Clinical and socio-demographic variables were collected using a structured questionnaire. Recent CHIKV infection was observed in 5.8% of the study participants while 25.1% had IgG antibodies demonstrating previous infection. Significant associations were observed between seropositivity and age of participants (p < 0.001), sex (p = 0.044), marital status (p = 0.002), and occupation (p < 0.001). Clinical symptoms such as fever, joint pain, and headache were significantly associated with seropositivity. This study identified recent CHIKV infection in Anyigba. Therefore, there is need for routine screening of febrile patients and molecular characterization to determine the nature of circulating strains.

Association between Hemogram Parameters and Coronary Collateral Development in Subjects with Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE Coronary collateral development (CCD) predicts the severity of coronary heart disease. Hemogram parameters, such as mean platelet volume (MPV), eosinophil, red cell distribution width, and platelet distribution width (PDW), are supposed novel inflammatory markers. We aimed to compare hemogram parameter values in patients presenting with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) with adequate or inadequate CCD. METHODS A total of 177 patients with NSTEMI undergoing coronary arteriography were enrolled and divided into two groups based on the development of CCD: one group with adequate CCD (n=88) and the other with impaired CCD (n=89). RESULTS Baseline demographics and clinical risk factors were similar between the groups. Hemogram parameters were not significantly different between the two groups. However, compared to the inadequate CCD group, the median PDW was significantly higher in the adequate CCD group, 17.6 (1.4) vs. 17.8 (1.6) p=0.004. In a multivariate analysis, PDW (p=0.001, 95% CI for OR: 0.489(0,319-0,750) was found to be significantly different in the adequate CCD group compared to the inadequate CCD group. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed that PDW was significantly correlated with the Rentrop score (r=0.26, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS We suggest that since PDW is an index that is inexpensive and easy to assess, it could serve as a marker of CCD in patients with NSTEMI.

RESUMO OBJETIVO O desenvolvimento colateral coronariano (CCD) prediz a gravidade da doença coronariana. Parâmetros de hemograma como volume plaquetário médio (VPM), eosinófilo, largura de distribuição de glóbulos vermelhos e largura de distribuição de plaquetas (PDW) são supostos novos marcadores inflamatórios. Nosso objetivo foi comparar os valores do parâmetro hemograma em pacientes com infarto do miocárdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST) com DCC adequado ou inadequado. MÉTODOS Um total de 177 pacientes com NSTEMI submetidos à arteriografia coronariana foram incluídos e divididos, com base no desenvolvimento de CCD, em dois grupos: grupo com CCD adequado (n = 88) e grupo com CCD alterado (n = 89). RESULTADOS Os dados demográficos e os fatores de risco clínicos basais foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Os parâmetros do hemograma não foram significativamente diferentes entre os dois grupos. Mas, em comparação com a mediana inadequada do grupo CCD, o PDW foi significativamente maior em CCD adequado de 17,6 (1,4) vs. 17,8 (1,6) p = 0,004. Na análise multivariada, PDW (p = 0,001, IC 95% para OR: 0,489 (0,319-0,750) foi significativamente diferente no grupo CCD adequado em comparação com o grupo CCD inadequado. A análise de correlação de Pearson revelou que PDW foi significativamente correlacionado com escore de aluguel (r = 0,26, p <0,001). CONCLUSÃO Sugerimos que, uma vez que a PDW é um índice barato e de fácil avaliação, pode servir como um marcador de DCC em pacientes com IAMSSST.

Bone scan positivity in non-metastatic, castrate-resistant prostate cancer: external validation study

ABSTRACT Introduction: Tables predicting the probability of a positive bone scan in men with non-metastatic, castrate-resistant prostate cancer have recently been reported. We performed an external validation study of these bone scan positivity tables. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients seen at a tertiary care medical center (1996-2012) to select patients with non-metastatic, castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Abstracted data included demographic, anthropometric, and disease-specific data such as patient race, BMI, PSA kinetics, and primary treatment. Primary outcome was metastasis on bone scan. Multivariable logistic regression was performed using generalized estimating equations to adjust for repeated measures. Risk table performance was assessed using ROC curves. Results: We identified 6.509 patients with prostate cancer who had received hormonal therapy with a post-hormonal therapy PSA ≥2ng/mL, 363 of whom had non-metastatic, castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Of these, 187 patients (356 bone scans) had calculable PSA kinetics and ≥1 bone scan. Median follow-up after castrate-resistant prostate cancer diagnosis was 32 months (IQR: 19-48). There were 227 (64%) negative and 129 (36%) positive bone scans. On multivariable analysis, higher PSA at castrate-resistant prostate cancer (4.67 vs. 4.4ng/mL, OR=0.57, P=0.02), shorter time from castrate-resistant prostate cancer to scan (7.9 vs. 14.6 months, OR=0.97, P=0.006) and higher PSA at scan (OR=2.91, P <0.0001) were significantly predictive of bone scan positivity. The AUC of the previously published risk tables for predicting scan positivity was 0.72. Conclusion: Previously published risk tables predicted bone scan positivity in men with non-metastatic, castrate-resistant prostate cancer with reasonable accuracy.

Valores médios percorridos no teste de caminhada de seis minutos em crianças saudáveis de Coari (AM) / Valores medios recorridos por niños sanos de Coari (AM, Brasil) en la prueba de caminata de seis minutos / Mean values for the 6-minute walk test in healthy children of Coari (AM), Brazil

RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estabelecer valores médios percorridos para o teste de caminhada de seis minutos em crianças saudáveis no Norte do Brasil. Este foi um estudo experimental, randomizado, cego e transversal que avaliou 63 crianças saudáveis do sexo masculino e feminino, de 10 a 12 anos, que após terem seus dados antropométricos registrados foram treinadas e instruídas para a realização do teste conforme recomendações da American Thoracic Society, após avaliação-padrão. O teste foi realizado numa pista reta de 30 metros, com marcações a cada 3 metros e cones indicando onde o retorno deveria ser feito para a continuidade do teste. Ao final, foi refeita a avaliação pré-teste. Foi observado índice de massa corporal muito baixo nos meninos de 11 anos, e normal nas outras faixas. A frequência cardíaca imediata pós-teste apresentou-se significativamente elevada em todos os grupos (p<0,001), enquanto todos os outros dados cardiovasculares colhidos não apresentaram alterações. As distâncias percorridas foram significativamente inferiores às previstas por equação-padrão para todos os grupos e sexos (p<0,0001). O valor médio percorrido encontrado em meninas foi de 436,30±56,74m e 460,80±63,90m em meninos, enquanto a média geral foi de 445,70±54,10m, abaixo dos valores esperados para a amostra. O resultado obtido pelo grupo estudado, menor que a média esperada, pode ser creditado ao fenótipo regional, mas o Índice de Desenvolvimento muito mais baixo que a média brasileira deve ter sua influência mais bem estudada. Espera-se que os achados contribuam no apontamento de valores de referência do teste em crianças do Norte brasileiro.

RESUMEN El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo establecer los valores medios recorridos por niños sanos en el Norte de Brasil en la prueba de caminata de seis minutos. Este estudio es experimental, aleatorizado, ciego y transversal, que evaluó a 63 niños y niñas sanos/as, de edades entre 10 y 12 años, y tras registrados sus datos antropométricos recibieron capacitación e instrucción para realizar la prueba según lo recomendado por American Thoracic Society, después de la evaluación estándar. La prueba se realizó en una pista recta de 30 metros, con marcas cada 3 metros y conos que indicaban dónde debe realizarse el retorno para la continuidad de la prueba. Al final, se rehízo la evaluación previa a la prueba. Se observó un índice de masa corporal muy bajo en niños de 11 años, pero normal en otros grupos de edad. La frecuencia cardíaca inmediata posprueba fue significativamente elevada en todos los grupos (p<0,001), mientras que no cambiaron los demás datos cardiovasculares recopilados. Las distancias recorridas fueron significativamente más bajas que las predichas por la ecuación estándar para los grupos y géneros (p<0,0001). Los valores medios encontrados fueron de 436,30±56,74m en las niñas y 460,80±63,90m en los niños, mientras que el promedio general fue de 445,70±54,10m, por debajo de los valores esperados para la muestra. El resultado obtenido en el grupo estudiado, inferior al promedio esperado, puede acreditar al fenotipo regional, pero el Índice de Desarrollo mucho más bajo que el promedio brasileño debe tener su influencia mejor estudiada. Se espera que los hallazgos contribuyan al establecimiento de valores de referencia para la prueba en niños del Norte de Brasil.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to establish mean values covered for the six-minute walk test in healthy children in Northern Brazil. This was an experimental, randomized, blind and cross-sectional study that evaluated 63 healthy male and female children, aged 10 to 12 years, who after having their anthropometric data recorded were trained and instructed to perform the test as recommended by the American Thoracic Society, after standard assessment. The test was carried out on a straight track of 30 meters, with markings every 3 meters and cones indicating where the return should be made for the test continuity. At the end, the pre-test evaluation was redone. Very low body mass index was observed in 11-year-old boys, and normal in other age groups. The post-test immediate heart rate was significantly elevated in all groups (p<0.001), while all other cardiovascular data collected did not change. The distances covered were significantly lower than those predicted by the standard equation for all groups and sexes (p<0.0001). The average value found in girls was 436.30±56.74m and 460.80±63.90m in boys, while the general average was 445.70±54.10m, below the expected values for the sample. The result obtained by the studied group, less than the expected average, can be credited to the regional phenotype, but the Development Index much lower than the Brazilian average should have its influence better studied. The findings are expected to contribute to the establishment of reference values for the test in children from northern Brazil.

Socioeconomic status and cardiovascular risk factors in young adults: a cross-sectional analysis of a Brazilian birth cohort / Situação socioeconômica e fatores de risco cardiovascular em jovens: uma análise transversal de uma coorte de nascimentos brasileira

ABSTRACT: Introduction: In high-income countries, persons of high socioeconomic status (SES) have a lower cardiovascular risk. However, in middle and low-income countries, the results are controversial. Objective: To evaluate the association between family income and cardiovascular risk factors in young adults. Methods: A total of 2,063 individuals of a birth cohort initiated in 1978/79 in the city of Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, were evaluated at age of 23/25 years. Cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, high low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, high fibrinogen, insulin resistance, diabetes, abdominal and total obesity, and metabolic syndrome) were evaluated according to family income. Income was assessed in multiples of the minimum wage. Simple Poisson regression models were used to estimate the prevalence ratios (PR) with robust estimation of the variance. Results: High-income women showed lower prevalences of low HDL-cholesterol (PR = 0.47), total obesity (PR = 0.22), abdominal obesity (PR = 0.28), high blood pressure (PR = 0.28), insulin resistance (PR = 0.57), sedentary lifestyle (PR = 0.47), metabolic syndrome (PR = 0.24), and high caloric intake (PR = 0.71) (p < 0.05). High-income men showed lower prevalences of low HDL-cholesterol (PR = 0.73) and sedentarism (PR = 0.81) (p < 0.05). These results may be explained by the fact that high-income women pay more attention to healthy habits and those with the lowest family income are least likely to access health services resources and treatments. Conclusion: Women were in the final phase of the epidemiologic transition, whereas men were in the middle phase.

RESUMO: Introdução: Em países de alta renda, indivíduos de situação socioeconômica elevada apresentam menor risco cardiovascular. Em países de média e baixa rendas, os resultados são controversos. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre renda familiar e fatores de risco cardiovascular em adultos jovens. Metodologia: Estudo seccional em que foram avaliados 2.063 indivíduos aos 23/25 anos de uma coorte de nascimento iniciada em 1978/79 na cidade de Ribeirão Preto, Brasil. Avaliaram-se fatores de risco cardiovascular (hipertensão arterial, sedentarismo, tabagismo, HDL - colesterol baixo, LDL - colesterol elevado, fibrinogênio alto, resistência insulínica, diabetes, obesidade abdominal e total e síndrome metabólica) de acordo com renda familiar. A renda foi avaliada em múltiplos do salário mínimo. As razões de prevalências (RP) foram estimadas em modelos de regressão de Poisson simples, com estimativa robusta da variância. Resultados: Mulheres de maior renda apresentaram menores prevalências de HDL - colesterol baixo (RP = 0,47), obesidade total (RP = 0,22) e abdominal (RP = 0,28), resistência insulínica (RP = 0,57), pressão arterial elevada (RP = 0,28), sedentarismo (RP = 0,47), síndrome metabólica (RP = 0,24) e alta ingestão calórica (RP = 0,71) (p < 0,05). Os homens de maior renda apresentaram menores prevalências de HDL - colesterol baixo (RP = 0,73) e sedentarismo (RP = 0,81) (p < 0,05). Pode ser que mulheres de alta renda prestem mais atenção aos hábitos saudáveis e aquelas com menor renda têm menor probabilidade de acessar recursos e tratamentos de serviços de saúde. Conclusão: As mulheres encontravam-se na fase final da transição epidemiológica, enquanto os homens, na fase intermediária.

Effect of the sense of coherence and associated factors in the quality of life of head and neck cancer patients

Abstract The sense of coherence (SOC) is a measure of global orientation regarding the ability of individuals to cope with stressful situations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between SOC and quality of life (QoL) and clinical and sociodemographic characteristics among survivors of oral, oropharynx, hypopharynx, or larynx cancer. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 90 cancer patients in follow up at the Santa Maria University Hospital in southern Brazil who had completed conformal 3D radiotherapy at least three months earlier. QoL was assessed using the University of Washington Quality of Life (UW-QOL) questionnaire and SOC was measured using the Brazilian version of the SOC-13 questionnaire. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and the disease were obtained from patients' charts. Oral clinical conditions were also evaluated. Associations between exploratory variables and mean UW-QOL scores were evaluated through Poisson regression and the results were presented as rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The mean overall UW-QOL score was 67.90 (± 18.71). Moderate and high SOC scores were associated with higher mean UW-QOL scores, that is, individuals with a stronger SOC demonstrated better QoL, (p < 0.05). Regarding the clinical variables, individuals with advanced stage cancer and those with hyposalivation and trismus had poorer QoL (p < 0.05). Patients with a greater SOC reported a better quality of life. Our findings show the importance of focusing on psychosocial factors, which can alleviate the impact caused by the disease and improve the QoL of these patients.

Relationship between periodontitis and subclinical risk indicators for chronic non-communicable diseases

Abstract In view of the epidemiological relevance of periodontal disease and chronic noncommunicable diseases, the study aimed to evaluate the relationship between them through subclinical indicators of systemic risk in a population group with healthy habits, including alcohol and tobacco abstinence. A complete periodontal examination of six sites per tooth was performed in a sample of 420 participants from the Advento study (Sao Paulo), submitted to anthropometric and laboratory evaluation. Periodontitis was defined and classified based on the Community Periodontal Index score 3 (periodontal pocket = 4-5 mm) and score 4 (periodontal pocket ≥ 6 mm). The prevalence of mild/moderate and severe periodontitis was 20% and 8.2%, respectively. Both categories of periodontal disease had significantly higher levels of triglycerides, C-reactive protein, calcium score, and calcium percentile, whereas blood glucose after tolerance test was significantly higher among people with severe periodontitis and HDL-c levels were lower (p < 0.05). Young adults with severe periodontitis had significantly higher prevalence of obesity, pre-diabetes, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. Besides these conditions, the older adults with severe periodontitis had significantly higher prevalence of dyslipidemia and subclinical atherosclerosis. The group with periodontitis had also a higher coronary heart disease risk based on the PROCAM score (p < 0.05). The results indicated associations of periodontitis with several systemic indicators for chronic noncommunicable diseases, and highlighted the need for multiprofessional measures in the whole care of patients.

DEC1: a potential biomarker of malignant transformation in oral leukoplakia

Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the differential expression of DEC1 in oral normal mucosa (NM), oral leukoplakia (OLK) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Surgically excised specimens from patients with OLK (n = 47), OSCC (n = 30) and oral normal mucosa (n=11) were immunostained for DEC1. The expression of DEC1 protein was evaluated, and its association with the clinicopathological features was analyzed. The expression of DEC1 in NM, OLK and OSCC tissues increased in turn, and significant differences were observed among the groups (P < 0.0001). In terms of the association between DEC1 expression and epithelial dysplasia, DEC1 expression was lower in hyperkeratosis without dysplasia (H-OLK) than in OLK with moderate to severe dysplasia (S-OLK), and these differences were significant (p < 0.05). The expression of DEC1 in OSCC with OLK was significantly higher than that in OSCC without OLK (p < 0.01). Therefore, DEC1 could be a potential biomarker of malignant transformation in the carcinogenesis of OSCC, which may provide a new research direction for the transformation of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) into OSCC.

Health belief model for coronavirus infection risk determinants / Modelo de crença em saúde para determinantes de risco para contaminação por coronavírus

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To use the advantages of a ratio scale with verbal anchors in order to measure the risk perception in the novel coronavirus infection, which causes covid-19, in a health belief model-based questionnaire, as well as its validity and reproducibility. METHOD We used the health belief model, which explores four dimensions: perceived susceptibility (five questions), perceived severity (five questions), perceived benefits (five questions), and perceived barriers (five questions). Additionally, we included a fifth dimension, called pro-health motivation (four questions). The questions composed an electronic questionnaire disseminated by social networks for an one-week period. Answers were quantitative values of subjective representations, obtained by a psychophysically constructed scale with verbal anchors ratio (CentiMax ® ). Mean time for total filling was 12 minutes (standard deviation = 1.6). RESULTS We obtained 277 complete responses to the form. One was excluded because it belonged to a participant under 18 years old. Reproducibility measures were significant for 22 of the 24 questions in our questionnaire (Cronbach's α = 0.883). Convergent validity was attested by Spearman-Brown's split half reliability coefficient (r = 0.882). Significant differences among groups were more intense in perceived susceptibility and severity dimensions, and less in perceived benefits and barriers. CONCLUSION Our health belief model-based questionnaire using quantitative measures enabled the confirmation of popular beliefs about covid-19 infection risks. The advantage in our approach lays in the possibility of quickly, directly and quantitatively identifying individual belief profiles for each dimension in the questionnaire, serving as a great ally for communication processes and public health education.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Neste estudo buscamos utilizar as vantagens de uma escala de razão por ancoragem verbal para medidas da percepção de risco de contágio pelo novo coronavírus, causador da covid-19, em um questionário baseado no modelo de crença em saúde, assim como avaliar sua validade e reprodutibilidade. MÉTODO Utilizamos o modelo de crença em saúde, o qual explora quatro dimensões: percepção individual de susceptibilidade percebida (cinco questões), severidade percebida (cinco questões), benefícios percebidos (cinco questões) e barreiras percebidas (cinco questões). Adicionalmente, incluímos uma quinta dimensão, a qual denominamos motivação pró-saúde (quatro questões). As questões definiram um questionário eletrônico que foi divulgado por redes sociais pelo período de uma semana. As respostas foram valores quantitativos de representações subjetivas, obtidas por meio de uma escala psicofísica de razão com ancoragem verbal (CentiMax ® ). O tempo médio total de preenchimento foi de 12 minutos (desvio-padrão = 1,6). RESULTADOS Obtivemos 277 respostas completas ao formulário. Uma foi excluída por se tratar de participante com menos de 18 anos de idade. Medidas de reprodutibilidade foram significantes para 22 das 24 questões de nosso questionário (α de Cronbach = 0,883). A validade convergente foi atestada pelo coeficiente de correlação de Spearman-Brown split half (r = 0,882). Diferenças significantes entre grupos foram encontradas mais intensamente nas dimensões susceptibilidade percebida e severidade percebida, e menos intensamente para benefícios percebidos e barreiras percebidas. CONCLUSÃO Nosso questionário baseado no modelo de crença em saúde utilizando medidas quantitativas permitiu evidenciar as crenças populares sobre os riscos de contágio por covid-19. A vantagem de nossa abordagem é a possibilidade de se identificar os perfis de crença individuais para cada dimensão do questionário de forma rápida, direta e quantitativa, podendo ser uma grande aliada em processos de comunicação e educação em saúde pública.

Effect of the sense of coherence and associated factors in the quality of life of head and neck cancer patients

Abstract The sense of coherence (SOC) is a measure of global orientation regarding the ability of individuals to cope with stressful situations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between SOC and quality of life (QoL) and clinical and sociodemographic characteristics among survivors of oral, oropharynx, hypopharynx, or larynx cancer. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 90 cancer patients in follow up at the Santa Maria University Hospital in southern Brazil who had completed conformal 3D radiotherapy at least three months earlier. QoL was assessed using the University of Washington Quality of Life (UW-QOL) questionnaire and SOC was measured using the Brazilian version of the SOC-13 questionnaire. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and the disease were obtained from patients' charts. Oral clinical conditions were also evaluated. Associations between exploratory variables and mean UW-QOL scores were evaluated through Poisson regression and the results were presented as rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The mean overall UW-QOL score was 67.90 (± 18.71). Moderate and high SOC scores were associated with higher mean UW-QOL scores, that is, individuals with a stronger SOC demonstrated better QoL, (p < 0.05). Regarding the clinical variables, individuals with advanced stage cancer and those with hyposalivation and trismus had poorer QoL (p < 0.05). Patients with a greater SOC reported a better quality of life. Our findings show the importance of focusing on psychosocial factors, which can alleviate the impact caused by the disease and improve the QoL of these patients.

Reference values for the Unsupported Upper Limb Exercise test in healthy adults in Brazil / Valores normativos para o teste Unsupported Upper Limb Exercise para adultos saudáveis no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: To establish reference values for the Unsupported Upper Limb EXercise (UULEX) test, which measures peak arm exercise capacity, in healthy adults in Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, involving presumably healthy individuals ≥ 30 years of age who completed questionnaires and underwent spirometry. All of the individuals underwent two UULEX tests 30-min apart. The outcome measure was the maximum time (in min) to completion of the test. Results: We included 100 individuals between 30 and 80 years of age. The mean test completion time was 11.99 ± 1.90 min among the women and 12.89 ± 2.15 min among the men (p = 0.03). The test completion time showed statistically significant correlations with age (r = −0.48; p < 0.001), gender (r = 0.28; p = 0.004), body mass index (BMI, r = −0.20; p = 0.05), and height (r = 0.28; p = 0.005). Linear regression analysis showed that the predictors of UULEX completion time were age (p = 0.000), BMI (p = 0.003), and gender (p = 0.019), which collectively explained 30% of the total variability. The mean UULEX completion time was 6% lower for the women than for the men. Conclusions: The present study was able to establish reference values for the UULEX test in healthy adults in Brazil. The values were influenced by age, gender, and BMI.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estabelecer valores normativos para o teste Unsupported Upper Limb EXercise (UULEX), que mede o pico de exercício de membros superiores, em adultos saudáveis no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal envolvendo indivíduos com idade ≥ 30 anos considerados saudáveis após serem submetidos a questionários e espirometria. Os indivíduos realizaram dois testes UULEX com intervalo de 30 min entre eles. A variável de desfecho foi o tempo máximo de realização do teste em min. Resultados: Foram incluídos 100 indivíduos com idade entre 30 e 80 anos. As médias de tempo de realização do teste foram de 11,99 ± 1,90 min e 12,89 ± 2,15 min em homens e mulheres, respectivamente (p = 0,03). Houve uma correlação estatisticamente significante entre o tempo de execução do UULEX e idade (r = −0,48; p < 0,001), sexo (r = 0,28; p = 0,004), índice de massa corpórea (IMC; r = −0,20; p = 0,05) e altura (r = 0,28; p = 0,005). A análise de regressão linear mostrou que as variáveis idade (p < 0,001), IMC (p = 0,003) e sexo (p = 0,019) são preditoras do UULEX, explicando 30% da variabilidade total no tempo de realização do teste. A média do tempo de realização do UULEX foi 6% menor nas mulheres que nos homens. Conclusões: O presente estudo foi capaz de fornecer valores normativos para o teste UULEX em adultos saudáveis no Brasil. Esses valores foram influenciados pela idade, sexo e IMC.

Home physical exercise program: analysis of the impact on the clinical evolution of patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus / Programa de exercícios físicos domiciliares: análise do impacto na evolução clínica de pacientes com hidrocefalia de pressão normal

ABSTRACT Objective: To present a program of home physical exercises for patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) and to evaluate adherence, acceptance and applicability; to verify possible changes in patients with NPH in the home physical exercise program, comparing patients with, and without, a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, regarding gait, quality of life, activities of daily living, static and dynamic balance and its impact on the risks of falling. Methods: This was a controlled clinical trial, with assessments in three moments (0, 10 and 18 weeks) at the home, from October 2015 to November 2017. Fifty-two patients (30 women and 22 men) participated in the study. Results: There was a statistically significant improvement with 10 weeks of home physical exercises for the groups with and without ventriculoperitoneal shunt, respectively, in the sub-items: activities of daily living p = 0.032*, p = 0.003*; static balance p < 0.001*, p < 0.001*; functional capacity p < 0.001*, p = 0.027*; and dynamic balance and gait p = 0.009*, p < 0.001*. There was no statistically significant difference for the subitems: quality of life p = 0.695, p = 1.000; and NPH grading scale p = 0.695, p = 1.000, respectively. Conclusion: The developed program of home physical exercise was easily applied and there was good acceptance by most patients with NPH included in the research. There was a statistically significant improvement with the 10 weeks of home physical exercises in the sub-items: activities of daily living, static balance and functional capacity, for both groups. In the sub-item dynamic balance and gait, there was a statistically significant improvement for both groups, but with a higher score for the group with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. There was no statistically significant difference for the sub-items: quality of life, NPH grading scale and risk of falls, based on the Berg scale.

RESUMO Objetivo: Apresentar um programa de exercícios físicos domiciliares para pacientes com hidrocefalia de pressão normal e avaliar a adesão, aceitação e sua aplicabilidade; verificar possíveis alterações nos pacientes com HPN com o programa de exercícios físicos domiciliares, comparando os pacientes com e sem derivação ventriculoperitoneal, no que diz respeito à marcha, qualidade de vida, atividades de vida diária, equilíbrio estático e dinâmico e sua repercussão nos riscos de queda. Métodos: Trata-se de um Ensaio clínico controlado, com avaliações em três momentos (0.10 e 18 semanas) em nível domiciliar, no período de outubro/2015 a novembro/2017 Participaram do estudo 52 pacientes (30 mulheres e 22 homens). Resultados: Houve melhora estatisticamente significante com as dez semanas de exercícios físicos domiciliares para os grupos sem e com derivação ventriculoperitoneal respectivamente, nos subitens: atividades de vida diária p = 0,032* p = 0.003*, equilíbrio estático p < 0.001*, p < 0.001*; capacidade funcional p < 0.001*, p = 0,027*; equilíbrio dinâmico e marcha p = 0.009*, p < 0.001*. Não houve diferença estatística significante para os subitens: qualidade de vida p = 0,695, p = 1,000 e escala de graduação de HPN p = 0,695, p = 1,000. Conclusão: O programa de exercícios físicos domiciliares desenvolvido mostrou-se de fácil aplicabilidade e houve boa aceitação para a maioria dos pacientes com Hidrocefalia de Pressão Normal inseridos na pesquisa. Houve melhora estatisticamente significante com as dez semanas de exercícios físicos domiciliares nos subitens: atividades de vida diária, equilíbrio estático e capacidade funcional para ambos os grupos. No subitem equilíbrio dinâmico e marcha houve melhora estatisticamente significante para ambos os grupos, mas com escore maior para o grupo com derivação ventriculoperitoneal. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante para os subitens: qualidade de vida, escala de graduação de Hidrocefalia de Pressão Normal e risco de quedas baseado na escala de Berg.

Hipercalciuria idiopática ¿se pueden evitar los diuróticos? / Idiopathic hypercalciuria: can the diuretics be avoided?

La hipercalciuria idiopática se define como la excreció;n de calcio superior a 220 y 300 mg/día en mujeres y hombres respectivamente o bien mayor a 4 mg/kg peso. En mujeres con osteoporosis se observa en el 19% de los casos, mientras que en litiasis renal varía entre el 50 y 70%. Seleccionamos 206 pacientes hipercalció;ºricos, de nuestra base de datos, con y sin litiasis renal, a los que se les había indicado una dieta restringida. Luego los dividimos, de acuerdo a la respuesta, en dieta dependiente y dieta independiente. De estos solo consideramos 122 pacientes con diagnó;sticos de hipercalciuria dieta-dependiente (105 mujeres y 17 hombres), que fueron seguidos con control dietario (800 mg de calcio, alrededor de 1 g de proteínas animales y < 100 mEq de sodio diarios). No se consideró; la aparició;n de cálculos, o la recurrencia de los mismos, como tampoco el compromiso ó;seo. Luego de una media de 17 meses todos tenían controlada la calciuria e incluso hubo 16 (13%) que luego de 42 meses de seguimiento persistían normocalció;ºricos solo con dieta. Concluimos que es fundamental la divisió;n de las hipercalciurias, segó;ºn su respuesta a una dieta restringida, con el fin de evitar o postergar el uso de diuró;©ticos y sus efectos adversos, con una administració;n adecuada de la dieta.

Idiopathic hypercalciuria is defined as calcium excretion greater than 220 and 300 mg / day in women and men respectively, or greater than 4 mg / kg body weight. In women with osteoporosis it is observed in 19% of cases, while in kidney stones cases varies between 50 and 70%. We selected 206 hypercalciuric patients from our database, with and without renal lithiasis, to whom a restricted diet had been indicated. We divided them, according to the response, into a dependent diet and an independent diet. We considered 122 patients with diagnosis of hypercalciuria diet dependent (105 women and 17 men), which were followed with dietary control (800 mg of calcium, around 1 g of animal proteins and < 100 mEq sodium a day). The appearance of stones, or the recurrence of stones, was not considered, nor was bone involvement. After an average of 17 months, everyone had their calciuria controlled and there were even 16 (13%) who, after 42 months of follow-up, continued to be normocalciuric only on a diet. We conclude that the division of the hypercalciurias is fundamental, according to their response to a restricted diet, in order to avoid or postpone the use of diuretics and its adverse effects, with an adequate management of the diet.

Comparison of quality of life and functionality in type 2 diabetics with and without insulin

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Type 2 diabetes mellitus compromises physical, psychological, economic, and social life. OBJECTIVES To identify and compare the quality of life, depression, functional performance, and physical activity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who use insulin or not. METHODS A observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, comparative study involving 100 patients (50 use insulin and 50 do not) from a Teaching Hospital. Questionnaires used: Identification and Socioeconomic Profile; SF-36; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; Visual Analogue Scale for Pain; Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, and International Physical Activity Questionnaire. RESULTS Sample composed predominantly by middle-aged, female, married, retired, and with incomplete elementary school individuals. There is impairment in all domains of quality of life, being more intense in functional capacity, physical limitations, pain, social aspects, limitation by emotional aspects, and mental health (P<0.05). There is a significant prevalence of anxiety or depressive symptoms in the groups, especially in those using insulin. However, the occurrence of the corresponding psychiatric disorders is unlikely (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in neuropathic pain between the groups (P=0.2296). Functional impairment is similar in both groups regarding self-care activities (P=0.4494) and productivity (P=0.5759), with a greater deterioration of leisure time in patients on insulin (P=0.0091). Most of them practice physical activity, predominantly walking, with no significant difference when comparing the groups (P>0.05), as well as in the other modalities. CONCLUSION Insulinized patients present greater impairment of functional capacity and socialization, as well as greater neuropathic pain, anxiety, and depressive symptoms.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 compromete física, psicológica, econômica e socialmente. OBJETIVOS Identificar e comparar qualidade de vida, depressão, desempenho funcional e exercício físico em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 insulinizados ou não. MÉTODOS Estudo individuado, observacional, descritivo, transversal, comparativo envolvendo 100 pacientes (50 utilizam insulina e 50 não) em um hospital escola. Instrumentos utilizados: Ficha de Identificação e Perfil Socioeconômico; SF-36; Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão; Escala Visual Analógica de Dor; Medida Canadense de Desempenho Ocupacional e Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física. RESULTADOS Amostra composta, predominantemente, por indivíduos de meia-idade, sexo feminino, casados, ensino fundamental incompleto e aposentados. Há comprometimento de todos os domínios da qualidade de vida, sendo mais intenso nos insulinizados em capacidade funcional, limitação por aspectos físicos, dor, aspectos sociais, limitação por aspectos emocionais e saúde mental (P<0,05). Importante prevalência de sintomas ansiosos ou depressivos nos grupos, principalmente nos em uso de insulina, porém a ocorrência dos transtornos psiquiátricos correspondentes é improvável (P<0,05). Não houve diferença significativa da DNP entre os grupos (P=0,2296). O prejuízo da funcionalidade é semelhante em relação a atividades de autocuidado (P=0,4494) e produtividade (P=0,5759) nos dois grupos, havendo maior deterioração do lazer em usuários de insulina (P=0,0091). A maioria pratica atividade física, tendo a caminhada a maior adesão, sem diferença significativa ao comparar os grupos (P>0,05), repetindo-se nas demais modalidades. CONCLUSÃO Pacientes insulinizados apresentaram maior prejuízo da capacidade funcional e na socialização, assim como referem maiores dores neuropáticas e sintomas ansiosos e depressivos.